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How to successfully delegate


Delegation is very important to managers and their teams for multiple reasons:

• As workload increases it is necessary to divide work.
• The manager may not always have the right skills to accomplish a task.
• The manager skills may be more useful for other tasks.
• To empower teams, by giving them authority.
• To promote a team culture of self-organization.
• So that teams can take ownership and responsibility of their work.
• By allocating work to their people, managers help their people to develop their skills and grow.
• Managers that learn to share responsibility and to let go, learn how to grow.
• When people assume responsibility and gain authority, they feel important and trustworthy and this increases their motivation and identification with their work.
• As the team size increases, it is necessary to delegate in a structured way to avoid chaos.
• Effective delegation is necessary to avoid micromanagement.
• Delegation is necessary to address the planned or unplanned unavailability of managers and key team members.

How to Delegate?

To successfully delegate tasks, managers and teams need to answer the following three questions:

“Who gets to decide?”
Tools such as Delegation Poker [1] can help teams to answer this question.

“What is the job?”
The CORPS [2]or the W4CHEF [3] model can help answer this question in a structured way.

“Who does What?”
The RACI [4] matrix is very useful to answer this question and communicate the responsibilities to all stakeholders. The TRIP [5] tools is useful to define and communicate the replacements in case of unavailability of the main responsible.

 

Discuss, Agree and Commit


When delegating a task, the manager and their people, may have a different understanding of what the task is about and how they should approach it. Therefore, it is not enough for managers to simply communicate and explain their point of view. They have to engage in a two way discussion with the person that will assume responsibility for the job. Even after thoroughly explaining and discussing the specifics of the job, the other person may have still misunderstood parts of the conversation. For this reason, at the end of the discussion, the manager has to verify that the other person has understood all the important aspects of the job. The manager, should ask the other person to summarize and explain what they understood and in case some points are not clear, they should discuss them again.

Delegation is a mutual agreement. Delegation should not be a forced one way decision. It is a contract that both parties must “sign” and requires mutual commitment. It is often the case that the other person does not agree, or perhaps is not willing or able to commit, but does not communicate this. For this reason it is important to explicitly ask the person to articulate the agreement and the commitment. The same rules apply to the manager, as they most likely have to offer support, resources or their time and therefore also have to agree and commit to doing exactly that.

How to deal with disagreement

What happens if the other person, despite all efforts still disagrees? One possibility is to consider that perhaps the other person is not the right person to delegate the job to. However, assuming that this option is not available, what other options exist? Once the manager realizes that the other person is resisting, they should engage with them in a direct, focused, positive, open, exploratory, transparent and cooperative discussion. The manager should try to listen more and understand the other person’s view and the true reasons behind their behavior. The manager should approach delegation as an opportunity for a partnership and as an opportunity for both sides to learn and not as an attempt to convince the other person of their opinions.

Don’t neglect the motivation factor

One aspect that managers very often neglect, is that in almost every situation they need to “sell” their decision to their people. This is true, simply because, it is their responsibility to motivate their people. The manager should not simply tell the other person what to do, instead they should explain to them how the job helps them grow and why it is important to the manager and the organization. If possible, the manager should put the other person in the center and explain to them, how everything regarding the job relates to them. If possible, they should refer to past successes. The manager should not forget to thank their people for their collaboration in accepting the responsibilities of the job. They should actively look for and create opportunities to give recognition to others for doing a good work.

Delegation with peers and supervisors

Delegation is not always top down. It is often the case that people will delegate to other colleagues and peers and some time even to their managers. In general the same rules apply as before, with one important difference. Namely, authority typically originates from the manager, so if a person is in a non authoritative position, they may have to try harder to “sell” their view to the other party.

Managers should teach their people how to delegate to their teammates, peers and other colleagues. This brings them one step closer towards a self organized team. It is also a step towards growing new leaders in their teams.

People in a position without authority, should use delegation techniques and tools not only with their peers but also when their manager approaches them with a new assignment. They should use the techniques and tools not to complicate things, rather as an opportunity for both sides to gain clarity about the tasks, confidence on the positive outcome of the task and to better understand the priorities.

Delegation during unavailability

It is a very common situation when the manager or a key team member are unavailable. This can happen either because they are on a business trip, on vacation or just because they are sick. In such situations it is important to define in advance how to delegate the key tasks, who will assume the responsibility and who to inform about the new responsible. This preparation should take place before the unavailability occurs, as the people that will assume the responsibility should have enough time upfront, to prepare and learn how to do the job.

One way to do this is, when the task is delegated in the first place. Using the RACI [4] and the W4CHEF [3] model, the manager can define together with the various stakeholders the substitutes and the conditions for them to assume their duties.

Additionally to the above approach, but also for tasks that were never delegated in a structured way, the TRIP [5] tool can help to define the delegation plans during the unavailability.

Tools and techniques for delegating

As already mentioned, there are several tools that can help with delegation. This section will explain these tools.

RACI

The RACI matrix is a tool that helps to identity and communicate the roles that people play in a process or a task. RACI is an acronym for:

• Responsible: The one that does the job.
• Accountable: The decision maker.
• Consult: Gives advice in a two way communication.
• Inform: Inform in a one way communication.

There are two ways to represent a RACI matrix. The main variation focuses on the tasks and the actors/stakeholders.

  Person 1 Person 2 Person 3 Person 4
Task A A  C r I R
Task B R C A I c
Task Z R R a I A
A: Accountable, C:Consult, I:Inform, R:Responsible
Small letters refer to the substitutes in case of unavailability of the main person.

 

This view helps to drive the discussion when the roles or the people participating in the tasks are more or less clear and the question to be answered is, what responsibility assignment the various stakeholders should have. This view can be also useful to for defining the substitutes in case of unavailability of specific participants.

The alternative variation, focuses on the tasks and the responsibility assignment. It is useful when is is not clear which roles or people perform the known tasks.

  Accountable Responsible Consult Inform
Task A Person 3 Person 2 Person 4 Person 3
Task B Person 3 Person 1 Person 2 Person 4
Task Z Person 4 Person 1
Person 2
  Person 3

 

The RACI matrix makes transparent which roles are participating in the job and is useful to communicate the responsibilities with all the stakeholders.

As tasks get bigger, longer and repeatable and as the team’s processes mature, the RACI matrix changes from an individual assignment to a role definition and assignment. Individual people assume a specific role in the process and tasks are assigned to roles instead of people. Even if people leave the team, the roles and their responsibilities remain and they simply have to be filled, to ensure that long term repeatable tasks do not break.

The CORPS model

The CORPS model captures various dimensions and aspects of delegation. It defines 5 areas of interest:

• Context: The overall context of the task(s). Their strategic relevance. Its importance to various stakeholder. Who originally delegated/defined the task.
• Outcome: The expected result. By when the task should finish. The expected quality.
• Resource: Budget, People, Support, Time, Capacities, Material. What support the person can expect from the manager.
• Parameters: Reporting, Tracking, Reviewing.
• Scope: The decision taking scope. What can the person decide. Who to inform or get advice from.

The CORPS model helps to structure the discussion and discover with the team the specifics of the job.

The W4CHEF model

The simple delegation model is similar to the CORPS model, but focuses on the following 7 aspects:

• What: What is the task.
• Why,: Why is it important.
• Who: Who will participate on the task and with which role (RACI) and capacity/availability.
• When: By when should the task start/finish.
• Check: What are factors that are critical to the success or failure of the task.
• Escalate: Who to inform in case a critical situation occurs.
• Followup: How often and when should the manager and the person meet to track and review the status.

The W4CHEF model helps to structure the discussion and discover with the team the specifics of the job.

Delegation Poker

Delegation poker is a tool that was introduced by Jurgen Appelo [6] in his book Management 3.0 [7] The tool helps teams and their managers answer the question of “Who decides?“. It is not a tool about “how to do the job“, it is rather about reaching consensus on the decision making process. It helps manager to share accountability and responsibility with their team at a level that they both feel comfortable with.

The tools defines 7 levels of delegation:

Delegation poker cards

 

  1. Tell: The manager decides and tells the team what to do or simply inform them about their decision.
  2. Sell: The manager makes the decision, but still has to sell to decision to the team.
  3. Consult: The manager consults the team before deciding.
  4. Agree: The manager and the team make the decision together.
  5. Advise: The team makes the decision, but will consult the manager before deciding.
  6. Inquiry: The team makes the decision, but the team has to sell the decision to the manager.
  7. Delegate: The team decides and works without any influence from the manager, they only inform him/her about their decision.

The delegation levels above, describe the managers point of view. However, they could be easily adapted to reflect the perspective on another stakeholder in the decision making process.

Notice that in levels 1-3 the manager has the accountability and ownership for the job, while 5-7 it is transferred to the team. In level 4 the manager offers to share accountability with the team.

What is also interesting, is that the various levels are complimentary around level 4. For example the manager’s and team’s roles in level 1 are reversed in level 7, the same for levels 2 and 6, 3 and 5. In level 4 the roles are balanced.

The delegation levels can also help in filling the RACI [4]matrix.

   Manager Team
Tell A [R]  I [R]
Sell A [R]  I [R]
Consult A [R] C [R]
Agree A C [R]  A C [R]
Advise C  A [R]
Inquiry I [C]  A [R]
Delegate I  A [R]
A: Accountable, C:Consult, I:Inform, R:Responsible
The square brackets [] mean an optional role.

 

How to play delegation poker

Delegation poker is played in a similar way as the planning poker [8] in Scrum.
Here are the basic rules:

• Initially the manager explains to the team the context for the decision.
• Then the team is given enough time to ask questions and discuss with the manager.
• In the next step, each participant chooses a delegation card, without disclosing their choice.
• Then, all participants show their cards at the same time and a discussion round follows where everyone explains their choice.
• A new round follows and the process is repeated until the group reaches consensus.
• All steps are time boxed.

If the group cannot reach consensus, the manager can decide to remove the highest or lowest minority cards, depending the direction they prefer to follow (share more responsibility with the team or retain more responsibility as a manager). This way the group can reach easier consensus.

Another option is, in next round to remove low or high end cards where there is an agreement that the these levels are not desired.

With less experienced teams, a third party, such as a management or agile coach, can facilitate the process. The facilitator can ensure that the process is not biased, (e.g. by the manager trying to control the team more that it is necessary) and also to help the participants focus on the results and the discussion instead of the process itself.

More details on delegation poker and a printable version are available here [9].
For distributed teams, there is an online version of the game here  [10].

The TRIP tool

The TRIP tool helps managers and their teams to define standard delegation procedures and develop strategies to cope with unavailability. It is especially useful for long-term or repeatable tasks.

The name of the TRIP tool is an acronym for:

• Task: The task to be delegated.
• Replacement: The person that will pick up the responsibility for the task.
• Inform: Who to inform that the new person is responsible for the specific task during the unavailability of the main responsible
• Procedure: Under which conditions and how should the transition of responsibility occur.

The person that is responsible for the tasks will work together with other stakeholder to define the TRIP plans. It is very important that all stakeholders work together to develop the plans and that they have knowledge of the location where they can find them and have access to them at all times.

An example of a TRIP plan

Here is an example for such a plan for the unavailability of a manager:

 Task  Replacement  Inform  Procedure
HR workflow approval tasks Director of Business Unit Team In case of planned unavailability: Manager should follow instructions in https://confluence.mycompany.net/x/LZhY

In case of unplanned unavailability:
HR will contact the Director of Business Unit.

Team Tasks & Technical
questions
Any Team member that is appointed on demand according to the procedure Director of Business Unit

Team

CTO

In case of planned unavailability: The Manager appoints a
team delegate as single point of contact for questions regarding team tasks or
technical questions.

In case of unplanned unavailability: HR will inform the team.The team should appoint the team delegate and actively communicate it to all relevant stakeholders

In this example the manager has worked together with HR, the Director of Business Unit, the team and the CTO to define the plan and has shared it with all the stakeholders.

When the time comes for a planned vacation, for example during Christmas, the manager will meet with the team and other stakeholders and execute the procedures as already agreed.

Here is the example for the specific vacation period;

 Task  Replacement  Inform
HR workflow approval tasks John Doe<John.Doe@mycompany> Team<team@mycompany>
Team Tasks & Technical
questions
Jane Doe<Jane.Doe@mycompany> John Doe<John.Doe@mycompany>

Team<team@mycompany>

Tech.Doe<CTO@mycompany>

In case of unplanned unavailability, the manager will typically inform HR and they will execute the procedures and informe the appropriate people that will make the next steps.